{"id":1040,"date":"2024-05-23T10:51:05","date_gmt":"2024-05-23T08:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/?p=1040"},"modified":"2024-05-23T12:08:00","modified_gmt":"2024-05-23T10:08:00","slug":"08-mreze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/2024\/05\/23\/08-mreze\/","title":{"rendered":"08. Mre\u017ee"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Na\u010dini povezivanja i ure\u0111aji<\/h1>

Ra\u010dunarska mre\u017ea predstavlja skup me\u0111usobno povezanih ra\u010dunara, perifernih ure\u0111aja i drugih resursa, s ciljem kvalitetnijeg, efikasnijeg i operativnijeg kori\u0161tenja informacija, podataka i raspolo\u017eivih resursa.<\/p>

LAN – Local Area Network<\/strong><\/p>

Lokalna mre\u017ea je u jednoj ku\u0107i ili zgradi, jednoj ulici. Ra\u010dunari su blizu jedan drugog.<\/p>

WAN – Wide Area Network<\/strong><\/p>

Internet je primjer WAN mre\u017ee.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Switch<\/strong> je aktivni mre\u017eni ure\u0111aj koji povezuje mre\u017ene segmente. Pri komunikaciji dva ra\u010dunara Switch kreira virtuelnu konekciju izme\u0111u njih i omogu\u0107ava im ekskluzivnu komunikaciju, \u0161to prakti\u010dno ostalim parovima ra\u010dunara omogu\u0107ava da simultano komuniciraju bez optere\u0107ivanja drugih ma\u0161ina.<\/p>

Switch obi\u010dno ne zahtijeva konfiguraciju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ruter<\/strong><\/p>

Ruter razdvaja ali i povezuje dvije ra\u010dunarske mre\u017ee. On omogu\u0107ava saobra\u0107aj izme\u0111u vi\u0161e ra\u010dunarskih mre\u017ea, zbog \u010dega je ruter \u2013 mre\u017eni ure\u0111aj. Jednostavnije re\u010deno \u2013 ruter u va\u0161em doma\u0107instvu s jedne strane je povezan na internet, a s druge strane na va\u0161u privatnu lokalnu mre\u017eu.<\/p>

Ruter zahtijeva konfiguraciju zbog raznoraznih mogu\u0107nosti koje nudi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Portovi<\/strong><\/p>

Portovi su apstraktne odredi\u0161ne ta\u010dke koje su identifikovane prirodnim brojevima.<\/p>

Zamislite da od mjesta A do mjesta B imamo telefonski kabl kojim se povezuju centrale u gradovima. Vrlo je vjerovatno da \u0107e unutar tih kablova biti veliki broj manjih kablova , tzv. parica . Kada bi smo koristili cijeli kabl za telefoniranje gra\u0111ani bi morali da \u010dekaju da njihov prethodnik obavi razgovor, kako bi dobili vezu. Ovako, ukoliko parice obilje\u017eimo brojevima od 0 do 65534 imat \u0107emo 65535 gra\u0111ana koji \u0107e istovremeno komunicirati. Na isti na\u010din svaka internet aplikacija ima port na kome funkcioni\u0161e.<\/em><\/p>

Portovi su nam bitni za otvaranje pristupa raznoraznim aplikacijama: DVR, IP kamere, FTP serveri. Web serveri…<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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IP Adrese<\/h1>

IP adresa (Internet Protocol adresa) je numeri\u010dka oznaka koja se koristi za identifikaciju ure\u0111aja na mre\u017ei koja koristi Internet Protocol za komunikaciju. Svaki ure\u0111aj povezan na mre\u017eu, poput ra\u010dunara, servera, pametnih telefona, ili mre\u017enih printera, ima jedinstvenu IP adresu koja omogu\u0107ava razmjenu podataka izme\u0111u tih ure\u0111aja.<\/p>

IPv4<\/strong><\/p>

npr. 192.168.1.15<\/p>

IPv6<\/strong><\/p>

Ona je uvedena zbog ograni\u010denosti IPv4 jer je ve\u0107 nestalo javnih IPv4 adresa u Europi. Prakti\u010dno se ba\u0161 i ne koristi toliko puno.
<\/em><\/p>

npr. fde5:cd7a:9e1c:fd19:d799:931b:f0a8:bb10<\/p>

Javna IP adresa<\/strong><\/p>

Javna IP adresa je IP adresa koju va\u0161 ku\u0107ni ili poslovni ruter prima od va\u0161eg ISP-a. Javne IP adrese su potrebne za bilo koji javno dostupni hardver za mre\u017eu, kao \u0161to je va\u0161 ku\u0107ni ruter, kao i za servere koji hostaju web stranice.<\/p>

Ona je ujedno i dinami\u010dka, mijenja se svaki put kada restartujete va\u0161 ruter ili nakon 24h. Mo\u017eete zakupiti i stati\u010dku javnu adresu ako imate potrebe za tim.<\/p>

Javna IP adresa vam je potrebna ako \u017eelite pristupiti npr. IP kameri kada ste vani putem 4G ili druge WiFI mre\u017ee.<\/p>

IP adresa (Internet Protocol adresa) je numeri\u010dka oznaka koja se koristi za identifikaciju ure\u0111aja na mre\u017ei koja koristi Internet Protocol za komunikaciju. Svaki ure\u0111aj povezan na mre\u017eu, poput ra\u010dunara, servera, pametnih telefona, ili mre\u017enih \u0161tampa\u010da, ima jedinstvenu IP adresu koja omogu\u0107ava razmjenu podataka izme\u0111u tih ure\u0111aja.<\/p>

Javnu IP adresu mo\u017eemo saznati putem stranice https:\/\/whatismyipaddress.com\/<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Lokalna IP adresa <\/strong>je IP adresa dodijeljena va\u0161em ure\u0111aju na lokalnoj mre\u017ei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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MAC Adresa <\/strong>je globalno jedinstveni identifikator dodjeljen mre\u017enim ure\u0111ajima, i s toga se \u010desto naziva hardverskom ili fizi\u010dkom adresom. MAC adrese su 6-bitne (48-bita) du\u017eine i pi\u0161u se u \u201cMM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS\u201d formatu. U prvom 3-bitnom dijelu je identifikacioni broj proizvo\u0111a\u010da, a u druga je serijski broj koji je dodijelio proizvo\u0111a\u010d.<\/p>

Svaki hardvera (ruter, mobitel, fri\u017eider, robot usisiva\u010d…) na va\u0161oj lokalnoj mre\u017ei ima MAC adresu pored IP adrese koju dodjeljuje lokalni ruter ili server.<\/p>

Mo\u017eemo re\u0107i da je MAC adresa jedna oznaka na va\u0161em ra\u010dunaru koja je unikatna, \u0161to u su\u0161tini zna\u010di da niko na svijetu nema istu MAC adresu (osim u posebnim slu\u010dajevima, kada se ona mo\u017ee klonirati).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kako pro\u010ditati MAC i IP Adresu?<\/strong><\/p>

Potrebno je pokrenuti Command prompt i u njemu ukucati komandu IPCONFIG \/ALL<\/span><\/p>

Isto to mo\u017eemo uraditi i putem PowerShella.<\/p>

Ve\u0107ina mre\u017enih ure\u0111aja ima na sebi naljepnicu na kojoj pi\u0161e MAC adresa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Automatska IP adresa – DHCP
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DHCP je TCP-IP protokol koji nudi na\u010din da dinami\u010dki (automatski) dodeljujemo IP adrese ure\u0111ajima na mre\u017ei.<\/p>

Svaki router ima u sebi integrisan ovaj protokol koji mo\u017eemo podesiti putem web interfejsa.<\/p>

Ovaj protokol mo\u017ee i da radi lokalno na nekoj mre\u017ei ako se instalira DHCP server.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Stati\u010dka IP adresa <\/strong><\/p>

Stati\u010dka IP adresa je tip IP adrese koji jednom kad je postavi\u0161 tj. dodijeli\u0161 ma\u0161ini zauvijek ostaje isti na mre\u017ei. Moramo paziti da ne dodijelimo dvije iste IP adrese u istoj mre\u017ei ina\u010de \u0107emo imati konflikt i ti ure\u0111aji ne\u0107e imati mre\u017enu konekciju ili \u0107e je stalno gubiti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Subnet mask<\/strong><\/p>

Ona omogu\u0107ava podjelu velike mre\u017ee na manje, logi\u010dke podmre\u017ee, kako bi se bolje organizovala mre\u017ena komunikacija i upravljanje resursima.<\/p>

Primjer 1:<\/em><\/p>

Ako imate IP adresu 192.168.1.10 i subnet masku 255.255.255.0, prvih 24 bita (3 okteta) predstavlja mre\u017eni dio, dok posljednji oktet predstavlja host dio. Ovo omogu\u0107ava stvaranje podmre\u017ea unutar 192.168.1.0 mre\u017ee. Unutar te mre\u017ee mo\u017eemo imati 256 IP adresa.<\/p>

Pode\u0161avanjem subnet maske mo\u017eemo napraviti mre\u017eu za 512 ure\u0111aja ili vi\u0161e.<\/p>

Ispod je CIDR tabela koja \u0107e vam olak\u0161ati razumijevanje subnet maski.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Gateway<\/strong><\/p>

Default gateway je obi\u010dno adresa rutera koji je spojen na internet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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DNS<\/strong><\/p>

Domain Name System je servis koji primarno slu\u017ei prevo\u0111enju odnosno mapiranju alfa-numeri\u010dkih naziva u IP adresu ra\u010dunara (engl. Forward Lookup<\/em>), ali \u010desto i obratno (engl. Reverse Lookup<\/em>).<\/p>

www.kf-cc.ba -> 144.76.57.112 <\/em><\/p>

Na\u0161a preporuka je da koristite Google DNS servere a njihove adrese su:
– Primary 8.8.8.8
– Alternative 8.8.4.4<\/p>

Pored Google-a, Cloudfare nudi svoje DNS server kao i Quad9.
Neki DNS serveri automatski blokiranje stranice koje su zara\u017eene virusima i koje nisu pogodne za porodice (npr. pornografski sadr\u017eaj).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ping<\/strong><\/p>

Packet Internet Grouper (ping) je osnovni alat za ispitivanje postojanja konekcije izme\u0111u dva entiteta i otkrivanja problema u ra\u010dunarskim mre\u017eama.<\/p>

Komandu mo\u017eemo kucati u Command promptu ili Power shellu.<\/p>

ping IP_ADRESA<\/em>
ping DOMENA<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tracert<\/strong><\/p>

Paketi od jednog do drugog ra\u010dunara putuju mre\u017eom, preko niza drugih ra\u010dunara. ping komanda nam mjeri vreme za koje paket prelazi taj put.<\/p>

Komanda tracert radi sli\u010dnu stvar samo \u0161to pokazuje i vremena putovanja paketa do svakog pojedinog ure\u0111aja kroz koji je paket pro\u0161ao na putu do odredi\u0161ta. Na ovaj na\u010din, mo\u017eemo da ustanovimo i ta\u010dno mjesto gde dolazi do problema.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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SoftPerfect Network Scanner<\/strong><\/p>

Ako vam je potrebno da skenirate \u010ditav mre\u017eni opseg kako bi provjerili koji su jo\u0161 ure\u0111aji na mre\u017ei, mo\u017eete koristi ovaj besplatni alat.<\/p>

https:\/\/oblak.pronameserver.xyz\/index.php\/s\/Qa3f3PGggogYeZY<\/a>
Nemojte ga updateovati da ne izgubite besplatne mogu\u0107nosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Remote<\/h1>

Remote Desktop Connection<\/strong><\/p>

Ovo je standarni program za udaljeni pristup ra\u010dunarima u lokalnoj ili internet mre\u017ei (potrebno je otvoriti RDP port + port forward odraditi da bi sve uspje\u0161no radilo – me\u0111utim ovo je izuzetno opasno).<\/p>

Njegova prednost je dijeljenje printera i ure\u0111aja (eksternih diskova, kartica) putem Remote Desktop Protokola.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Team Viewer
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TeamViewer je program za daljinsko (remote) upravljanje ra\u010dunarom. On vam omogu\u0107ava dijeljenje desktopa, organizovanje online sastanaka, web konferencija, daljinsko servisiranje ra\u010dunara te dijeljenje datoteka direktno sa ra\u010dunarom sa kojim ste povezani.<\/p>

Alternativni program je: AnyDesk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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LiteManager
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LiteManager je program vrlo sli\u010dan Microsoft RDP me\u0111utim njegova prednost je \u0161to je besplatan i dostupan na raznoraznim platformama (Windows, Linux, MAC)<\/p>

Omogu\u0107ava besplatnu kontrolu do 30 ra\u010dunara. Ima i posebne mre\u017een postavke za sporije internet konekcije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Troubleshooting<\/h1>

Resetovanje mre\u017ee<\/strong><\/p>

Ukoliko primjetimo \u010dudne probleme na na\u0161em ra\u010dunaru a sa drugim ra\u010dunarima u mre\u017ei je sve OK, trebali bi pristupiti ugra\u0111enoj Windows 10 opciji koja nam omogu\u0107ava resetovanje mre\u017enih postavki.<\/p>

Mo\u017eemo to i uraditi alternativno u Command promptu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Firewall
<\/b><\/p>

Firewall je ure\u0111aj (softver) za mre\u017enu sigurnost koji dozvoljava ili blokira mre\u017eni saobra\u0107aj koji se odvija izme\u0111u nebezbjedne (untrusted) zone (npr. internet) i bezbjedne (trusted) zone (npr. privatna ili korporativna mre\u017ea).<\/p>

Firewall treba da sprije\u010di ne\u017eeljeni saobra\u0107aj, blokira \u201eupade\u201c u lokalnu mre\u017eu i za\u0161titi ra\u010dunare u njoj.<\/p>

Kao \u201esaobra\u0107ajni policajac\u201c u mre\u017ei, Firewall prati sav saobra\u0107aj i omogu\u0107ava ili onemogu\u0107ava protok odre\u0111enog saobra\u0107aja, pa predstavlja najbolju lokaciju za primjenu sigurnosnih postavke.<\/p>

Zbog toga ka\u017eemo da je Firewall strate\u0161ki najbitnija sigurnost komponenta u mre\u017enoj infrastrukturi.<\/p>

Svaki Windows ima u sebi ugra\u0111en Firewall koji je mogu\u0107e vrlo lahko podesiti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Vje\u017eba #8<\/h1>

ZADATAK 1<\/b><\/p>

  1. Saznajte svoju javnu i lokalnu IP adresu<\/li>
  2. Podesiti stati\u010dku IP adresu 10.0.0.x i pingati druge ra\u010dunare u mre\u017ei.<\/li>
  3. Promjenite DNS na Quad9<\/li>
  4. Probati tracert komandu na proizvoljnoj domeni.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Na\u010dini povezivanja i ure\u0111aji, portovi
    \nIP Adrese (javna, lokalna, mac, dns)
    \nPing, tracert
    \nRemote
    \nTroubleshooting<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1040"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1374,"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040\/revisions\/1374"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1040"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1040"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.prodesign387.com\/software\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1040"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}